Spatial hearing, and more specifically the ability to localize sounds in space, is one of the
most studied and best understood aspects of hearing. Because there is no coding of …

The cochlear efferent system comprises multiple populations of brainstem neurons whose
axons project to the cochlea, and whose responses to acoustic stimuli lead to regulation of …

Understanding communication signals, especially in noisy environments, is crucial to social
interactions. Yet, as we age, acoustic signals can be disrupted by cochlear damage and the …

The inferior colliculus processes nearly all ascending auditory information. Most collicular
cells respond to sound, and for a majority of these cells, the responses can be modulated by …

Bushy cells of the ventral cochlear nucleus are time-coding neurons. They receive
axosomatic synaptic terminals from the auditory nerve, the so-called endbulb of Held …

Inhibition plays a crucial role in neural signal processing, shaping and limiting responses. In
the auditory system, inhibition already modulates second order neurons in the cochlear …

Cholinergic signaling shapes sound processing and plasticity in the inferior colliculus (IC),
the midbrain hub of the central auditory system, but how cholinergic terminals contact and …

The superior olivary complex (SOC) is a major computation center in the brainstem auditory
system. Despite previous reports of high expression levels of cholinergic receptors in the …

The inferior colliculus (IC), the midbrain hub of the central auditory system, receives
extensive cholinergic input from the pontomesencephalic tegmentum. Activation of nicotinic …

The medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB) has been intensively investigated as a
primary source of inhibition in brainstem auditory circuitry. MNTB-derived inhibition plays a …