Comments and ControversiesDo we need to revise the tripartite subdivision hypothesis of the human subthalamic nucleus (STN)?
Section snippets
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Max C Keuken for valuable discussions. This research line is financially supported by the European Research Council (313481) (BUF), and the Dutch Brain Foundation (AA and BUF).
References (45)
- et al.
Functional architecture of basal ganglia circuits: neural substrates of parallel processing
Trends Neurosci.
(1990) - et al.
Enhanced preproenkephalin-B-derived opioid transmission in striatum and subthalamic nucleus converges upon globus pallidus internalis in L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine-induced dyskinesia
Biol. Psychiatry
(2007) - et al.
Localization of calcium-binding proteins and GABA transporter (GAT-1) messenger RNA in the human subthalamic nucleus
Neuroscience
(1999) - et al.
Toward in vivo histology: a comparison of quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) with magnitude-, phase-, and R2*-imaging at ultra-high magnetic field strength
Neuroimage
(2013) - et al.
Cortico-subthalamic white matter tract strength predicts interindividual efficacy in stopping a motor response
Neuroimage
(2012) - et al.
Stimulation at dorsal and ventral electrode contacts targeted at the subthalamic nucleus has different effects on motor and emotion functions in Parkinson's disease
Neuropsychologia
(2011) - et al.
D1 and D2 dopamine receptor mRNA expression in whole hemisphere sections of the human brain
J. Chem. Neuroanat.
(2001) - et al.
The connections of the primate subthalamic nucleus: indirect pathways and the open-interconnected scheme of basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuitry
Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev.
(1997) - et al.
Expression of 10 GABA(A) receptor subunit messenger RNAs in the motor-related thalamic nuclei and basal ganglia of Macaca mulatta studied with in situ hybridization histochemistry
Neuroscience
(1998) - et al.
Confirmation of functional zones within the human subthalamic nucleus: patterns of connectivity and sub-parcellation using diffusion weighted imaging
Neuroimage
(2012)
Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) as a means to measure brain iron? A post mortem validation study
Neuroimage
High resolution MR anatomy of the subthalamic nucleus: imaging at 9.4 T with histological validation
Neuroimage
Immunohistochemical demonstration of serotonin nerve fibers in the subthalamic nucleus of the rat, cat and monkey
Neurosci. Lett.
Extrinsic connections of the basal ganglia
Trends Neurosci.
Functional anatomy of the basal ganglia. I. The cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop
Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev.
Functional anatomy of the basal ganglia. II. The place of subthalamic nucleus and external pallidum in basal ganglia circuitry
Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev.
Calcium-binding proteins in primate basal ganglia
Neurosci. Res.
Serotonin innervation of basal ganglia in monkeys and humans
J. Chem. Neuroanat.
Quantitative imaging of intrinsic magnetic tissue properties using MRI signal phase: an approach to in vivo brain iron metabolism?
Neuroimage
The functional role of the subthalamic nucleus in cognitive and limbic circuits
Prog. Neurobiol.
Light microscopic analysis of Golgi-impregnated rat subthalamic neurons
J. Comp. Neurol.
Topographical projections of the cerebral cortex to the subthalamic nucleus
J. Comp. Neurol.
Cited by (34)
Topographic connectivity and cellular profiling reveal detailed input pathways and functionally distinct cell types in the subthalamic nucleus
2022, Cell ReportsCitation Excerpt :Information flow from the cortex to the BGs is believed to progress through a hierarchical series of sensorimotor, association, and limbic areas, supporting the tripartite STN model (Lambert et al., 2012; Mallet et al., 2007; Parent and Hazrati, 1995; Plantinga et al., 2018). However, much of the data leading to this view regarding the subdivisions of the STN are qualitative, variable, fragmented, and difficult to reconcile because of the technical limitations of neuroanatomical research (Alkemade and Forstmann, 2014; Keuken et al., 2012; Lambert et al., 2015). Therefore, to update this view of the STN, we first performed an inclusive analysis at the level of region-to-region connectivity of the HPSTN.
Imaging of the human subthalamic nucleus
2021, Handbook of Clinical NeurologyCitation Excerpt :A large proportion of the STN voxels contained mixed connection profiles corresponding to limbic, associative, and motor functions of the STN. The question rises whether this could be attributed to partial volume effects, or whether connection profiles are highly intermixed within the STN (Alkemade and Forstmann, 2014). Further development of DWI techniques is needed to resolve this question.
Subthalamic deep brain stimulation identifies frontal networks supporting initiation, inhibition and strategy use in Parkinson's disease
2020, NeuroImageCitation Excerpt :First, the structural network measures may allow a more fine-grained measurement of the association between brain and behaviour than the STN subregion data. This is because the STN has an overlapping topography with boundaries that are defined heuristically rather than according to tight criteria (Alkemade and Forstmann, 2014). In order words, the ‘motor’ subregion will undoubtedly contain some connections to ‘associative’ cortical regions and vice versa.
Altered functional connectivity of the subthalamic nucleus during self-initiated movement in Parkinson's disease
2018, Journal of NeuroradiologyCitation Excerpt :We chose the bilateral STN as the ROIs for our functional connectivity analysis. Although controversial [27,28], extensive evidence suggests that the STN contains sensorimotor, associative, and limbic subregions [29–33]. Given the focus of the present study on the motor-related network, we selected the sensorimotor subregions of the bilateral STN as ROIs.