Hostname: page-component-7c8c6479df-nwzlb Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-03-28T11:13:03.270Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Craving and other characteristics of the comorbidity of alcohol and nicotine dependence

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 April 2020

Ines Hertling*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090Vienna, Austria
Katrin Ramskogler
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090Vienna, Austria
Alexander Dvorak
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090Vienna, Austria
Anton Klingler
Affiliation:
Theoretical Surgery Unit, Schoepfstrasse 41, A-6020Innsbruck, Austria
Gerda Saletu-Zyhlarz
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090Vienna, Austria
Rudolf Schoberberger
Affiliation:
Institute of Social Medicine, University of Vienna, Rooseveltplatz 3, A-1090Vienna, Austria
Henriette Walter
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090Vienna, Austria
Michael Kunze
Affiliation:
Institute of Social Medicine, University of Vienna, Rooseveltplatz 3, A-1090Vienna, Austria
Otto Michael Lesch
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090Vienna, Austria
*
*Corresponding author. Tel.: +43 1 40400 3529; fax: +43 1 40400 3472. E-mail address: ines_hertling@yahoo.de (I. Hertling).
Get access

Abstract

Purpose

In this cross-sectional study we compared alcohol-dependent smokers and non-alcohol-dependent smokers with respect to intensity of nicotine dependence, craving conditions, sleep disturbances, comorbidity with major depression, reasons for smoking, accompanying somatic diseases and patients' prolonged abstinence from smoking during the 3 years preceding the study.

Subjects and methods

Fifty-one alcohol-dependent smokers and 327 non-alcohol-dependent smokers diagnosed as ICD-10 and DSM-IV-nicotine dependent, were investigated by means of the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence, the Lübeck Craving-Recurrence Risk Questionnaire and the Lesch Alcohol Dependence Typology (both adapted to smoking).

Results

The intensity of nicotine dependence was more enhanced in alcohol-dependent smokers compared to non-alcohol-dependent smokers. Several variables of all factors of craving (“depressive mood”, “stimulation”, “relaxation”, “socially triggered tension”) were significantly increased in alcohol-dependent patients (P < 0.05). Alcohol-dependent smokers showed depressive symptoms and sleep disturbances, whilst non-alcohol-dependent individuals mainly smoked for stress release and weight control.

Discussion

Our study demonstrates that the intensity of nicotine dependence, several conditions of craving for nicotine, sleep disturbances and symptoms of depression appear to be enhanced in alcohol-dependent smokers compared with non-alcohol-dependent smokers.

Conclusions

It is hoped that the factors of craving and reasons for smoking identified in this study will contribute to a better understanding of smoking temptation in alcohol-dependent smokers and non-alcohol-dependent smokers in future.

Type
Original article
Copyright
Copyright ©Elsevier SAS 2005

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abrams, D.B., Rohsenow, D.J., Niaura, R.S., Pedraza, M., Longabaugh, R., Beattie, M.C., et al.Smoking and treatment outcome for alcohol dependent patients: effects on coping skills, urge to drink, and drinking rates. Behav. Ther. 1992; 23: 283297CrossRefGoogle Scholar
American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed Washington, DCAPA 1994Google Scholar
Bagnardi, V., Blangiardo, M., La Vecchia, C., Corrao, G.A meta-analysis of alcohol drinking and cancer risk. Br. J. Cancer 2001; 85: 1117001705CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barrett, S.P., Boileau, I., Okker, J., Pihl, R.O., Dagher, A.The hedonic response to cigarette smoking is proportional to dopamine release in the human striatum as measured by positron emission tomography and [11C]raclopride. Synapse 2004; 54: 26571CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Batel, P., Pessione, F., Maitre, C., Rueff, B.Relationship between alcohol and tobacco dependencies among alcohol dependent patients who smoke. Dependence 1995; 90: 7977980Google Scholar
Bauman, A., Phongsavan, P.Epidemiology of substance use in adolescents: prevalence, trends and policy implications. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1999; 55: 187207CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berlin, I., Vorspan, F., Warot, D., Maneglier, B., Spreux-Varoquaux, O.Effect of glucose on tobacco craving. Is it mediated by tryptophan and serotonin? Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 2005; 178: 12734CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bien, T.H., Burge, R.Smoking and drinking: a review of the literature. Int. J. Addict. 1990; 25: 1214291454CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burton, S.M., Tiffany, S.T.The effect of alcohol consumption on craving to smoke. Dependence 1997; 92: 11526Google ScholarPubMed
Castellsague, X., Munoz, N., De Stefani, E., Victora, C.G., Castelletto, R., Rolon, P.A., et al.Independent and joint effects of tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking on the risk of esophageal cancer in men and women. Int. J. Cancer 1999; 82: 56576643.0.CO;2-C>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chang, S.O.Types of smoking temptation. Taehan Kanho Hakhoe Chi 2003; 33: 4519528Google ScholarPubMed
Collins, A.C., Burch, J.B., De Fiebre, C.M., Marks, M.J.Tolerance to and cross tolerance between ethanol and nicotine. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1988; 29: 2365373CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crum, R.M., Ford, D.E., Storr, C.L., Chan, Y.F.Association of sleep disturbance with chronicity and remission of alcohol dependence: data from a population-based prospective study. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 2004; 28: 1015331540CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crum, R.M., Storr, C.L., Chan, Y.F., Ford, D.E.Sleep disturbance and risk for alcohol-related problems. Am. J. Psychiatry 2004; 161: 11971203CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Currie, S.R., Hodgins, D.C., el-Guebaly, N., Campbell, W.Influence of depression and gender on smoking expectancies and temptations in alcohol dependent patients in early recovery. J. Subst. Abuse 2001; 13: 4443458CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daeppen, J.B., Smith, T.L., Danko, G.P., Gordon, L., Landi, N.A., Nurnberger, J.I. Jr., et al.Clinical correlates of cigarette smoking and nicotine dependence in alcohol-dependent men and women. The Collaborative Study Group on the Genetics of Alcohol dependence. Alcohol Alcohol 2000; 35: 2171175CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dilling, H., Mombour, W., Schmidt, M.H.ICD-10, Kap V, Internationale Klassifikation psychischer Störungen Huber, Bern, Göttingen, Toronto, Seattle;WHO 1993Google Scholar
Fagerstrom, K.O.Measuring degree of physical dependence to tobacco smoking with reference to individualization of treatment. Addict. Behav. 33–41978 235241CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fagerstrom, K.O., Schneider, N.G.Measuring nicotine dependence: a review of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire. J. Behav. Med. 1989; 12: 2159182CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gritz, E.R., Nielsen, I.R., Brooks, L.A.Smoking cessation and gender: the influence of physiological, psychological and behavioural factors. J. Am. Med. Womens Assoc. 1996; 511–23542Google Scholar
Gulliver, S.B., Rohsenow, D.J., Colby, S.M., Dey, A.N., Abrams, D.B., Niaura, R.S., et al.Interrelationship of smoking and alcohol dependence, use and urges to use. J. Stud. Alcohol 1995; 56: 2202206CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guthrie, S.K., Ni, L., Zubieta, J.K., Teter, C.J., Domino, E.F.Changes in craving for a cigarette and arterial nicotine plasma concentrations in abstinent smokers. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 2004; 28: 4617623CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heatherton, T.F., Kozlowski, L.T., Frecker, R.C., Fagerstrom, K.O.The Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence: a revision of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire. Br. J. Addict. 1991; 86: 911191127CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Henningfield, J.E., Chait, L.D., Griffiths, R.R.Effects of ethanol on cigarette smoking by volunteers without histories of alcohol dependence. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 821–21984 15CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henningfield, J.E., Heishman, S.J.The addictive role of nicotine in tobacco use. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 1995; 117: 11113CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hitsman, B., Abrams, D.B., Shadel, W.G., Niaura, R., Borrelli, B., Emmons, K.M., et al.Depressive symptoms and readiness to quit smoking among cigarette smokers in outpatient alcohol treatment. Psychol. Addict. Behav. 2002; 16: 3264268CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
John, U., Hanke, M.Tobacco smoking- and alcohol drinking-attributable cancer mortality in Germany. Eur. J. Cancer Prev. 2002; 11: 11117CrossRefGoogle Scholar
John, U., Hill, A., Rumpf, H.J., Hapke, U., Meyer, C.Alcohol high risk drinking, abuse and dependence among tobacco smoking medical care patients and the general population. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2003; 69: 2189195CrossRefGoogle Scholar
John, U., Meyer, C., Rumpf, H.J., Hapke, U.Probabilities of alcohol high-risk drinking, abuse or dependence estimated on grounds of tobacco smoking and nicotine dependence. Dependence 2003; 98: 6805814Google ScholarPubMed
Kendler, K.S., Neale, M.C., MacLean, C.J., Heath, A.C., Eaves, L.J., Kessler, R.C.Smoking and major depression. A causal analysis. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1993; 50: 13643CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lesch, O.M., Kefer, J., Lentner, S., Mader, R., Marx, B., Musalek, M., et al.Diagnosis of chronic alcohol dependence—classificatory problems. Psychopathology 1990; 23: 28896CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lesch, O.M., Dvorak, A., Hertling, I., Klingler, A., Kunze, M., Ramskogler, K., et al.The Austrian multicentre study on smoking: subgroups of nicotine dependence and their craving. Neuropsychobiology 2004; 50: 7888CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Madden, P.A., Bucholz, K.K., Dinwiddie, S.H., Slutske, W.S., Bierut, L.J., Statham, D.J., et al.Nicotine withdrawal in women. Dependence 1997; 92: 7889902Google ScholarPubMed
Marks, J.L., Hill, E.M., Pomerleau, C.S., Mudd, S.A., Blow, F.C.Nicotine dependence and withdrawal in alcoholic and nonalcoholic ever- smokers. J. Subst. Abuse Treat. 1997; 14: 6521527CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, N.S., Gold, M.S.Comorbid cigarette and alcohol dependence: epidemiology and treatment. Addict. Dis. 1998; 17: 15566CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Narahashi, T., Soderpalm, B., Ericson, M., Olausson, P., Engel, J.A., Zhang, X., et al.Mechanisms of alcohol-nicotine interactions: alcohol dependent patients versus smokers. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 2001; 255 Suppl. ISBRA 152S156SCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pomerleau, C.S., Aubin, H.J., Pomerleau, O.F.Self-reported alcohol use patterns in a sample of male and female heavy smokers. Addict. Dis. 1997; 16: 31924CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pomerleau, C.S., Pomerleau, O.F.The effects of a psychological stressor on cigarette smoking and subsequent behavioral and physiological responses. Psychophysiology 1987; 24: 3278285CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rohsenow, D.J., Monti, P.M., Colby, S.M., Gulliver, S.B., Sirota, A.D., Niaura, R.S., et al.Effects of alcohol cues on smoking urges and topography among alcoholic men. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 1997; 21: 1101107CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tupala, E., Tiihonen, J.Dopamine and alcoholism: neurobiological basis of ethanol abuse. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 2004; 28: 812211247CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vartiainen, E., Seppala, T., Lillsunde, P., Puska, P.Validation of self reported smoking by serum cotinine measurement in a community-based study. Epidemiol. Community Health 2002; 56: 3167170CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Veltrup, C.Assessment of “craving” in alcoholic patients using a new questionnaire (Lübeck Craving-Recurrence Risk Questionnaire). Wien. Klin. Wochenschr. 1994; 106: 37579Google Scholar
Verheul, R., Van den Brink, W., Geerlings, P.A three-pathway psychobiological model of craving for alcohol. Alcohol Alcohol. 1999; 34: 2197222CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wise, R.A.The neurobiology of craving: implications for the understanding and treatment of dependence. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 1988; 97: 2118132CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zacny, J.P.Behavioral aspects of alcohol–tobacco interactions. Recent Dev. Alcohol. 1990; 8: 205219Google ScholarPubMed
Submit a response

Comments

No Comments have been published for this article.