Chapter 1 - Rhythmic Bursting in the Pre-Bötzinger Complex: Mechanisms and Models
Introduction
The pre-Bötzinger complex (pre-BötC), a medullary neural structure critically involved in respiratory rhythm generation in mammals, can in vitro generate synchronized neural oscillations that persist after pharmacological blockade of synaptic inhibition (Ramirez et al., 1996, Rekling and Feldman, 1998, Smith et al., 1991). Despite many years of intensive investigations, the neural mechanisms underlying these oscillations remain largely unknown.
Butera et al., 1999a, Butera et al., 1999b suggested that population bursting observed in the pre-BötC in vitro arises from the persistent (slowly inactivating) sodium current (INaP) in pre-BötC neurons and the excitatory synaptic interactions between these neurons. The presence of INaP in pre-BötC was confirmed (Del Negro et al., 2002a, Koizumi and Smith, 2008, Rybak et al., 2003a), and the pre-BötC rhythmic activity in medullary slices in vitro from neonatal rats could be abolished by the INaP blocker riluzole (Koizumi and Smith, 2008, Rybak et al., 2003b).
Alternatively, Thoby-Brisson and Ramirez (2001), using medullary slices from P6–P13 mice containing the pre-BötC, found two distinct types of intrinsically bursting cells whose bursting was, respectively, sensitive and insensitive to the calcium current blocker Cd2 +. Later, Peña et al. (2004) found that the Cd2 +-sensitive bursters were riluzole insensitive, whereas most of the Cd2 +-insensitive ones were riluzole sensitive. Furthermore, rhythmic activity in the Cd2 +-sensitive bursters could be blocked by flufenamic acid (FFA), a pharmacological blocker of the calcium-activated nonspecific cation current (ICAN) (Del Negro et al., 2005), suggesting that both ICa and ICAN are involved in bursting generated in the pre-BötC. Further studies of the possible role of ICAN and the metabotropic mechanisms involved in its activation (Beltran-Parrazal et al., 2012, Ben-Mabrouk et al., 2012, Krey et al., 2010, Pace and Del Negro, 2008, Pace et al., 2007, Rubin et al., 2009) produced inconsistent results. As a result, the involvement and specific roles of these and other possible sodium and calcium mechanisms in the bursting activity observed in the pre-BötC remain unresolved and require further investigation.
In this modeling study, we consider the intrinsic Na+- and Ca2 +-dependent bursting generated in single cells and heterogeneous populations of synaptically coupled excitatory neurons with conductances of INaP and ICa randomly distributed across neurons in the populations. We study the possible roles of synaptic interactions, ionotropic and metabotropic synaptic mechanisms, intracellular Ca2 + release, and the Na+/K+ pump in the cellular and network rhythmic bursting. We show that heterogeneous populations of excitatory neurons can generate rhythmic bursting dependent on INaP and/or ICAN, or independent of both, and that the involvement of each mechanism may depend on the neuronal excitation, strength of synaptic interactions, and expression of particular ionic channels. We suggest that the rhythmic bursting activity discovered in the pre-BötC in vitro is state dependent, and hence, depending on the state, the pre-BötC can operate in multiple oscillatory regimes involving different INaP- and/or ICAN-dependent mechanisms. We also support the previous suggestion that the electrogenic Na+/K+ pump can play an important role in the generation of this rhythmic bursting by performing the burst termination function in multiple regimes of oscillations. The results of this theoretical modeling study provide important insights into various rhythmic activities observed in the pre-BötC and possibly other brainstem and spinal cord circuits.
Section snippets
Methods
In this study, we used the computational models of single neurons and neuron populations with excitatory synaptic interactions developed and fully described by Jasinski et al. (2013). Specifically, the models of single neurons were developed in the Hodgkin–Huxley style. Formal descriptions of ionic channel kinetics and other cellular biophysical mechanisms in these models were derived from our previous models (Rybak et al., 2003a, Rybak et al., 2003b, Rybak et al., 2007, Smith et al., 2007) and
Bursting Mechanisms Involving Persistent (Slowly Inactivating) Sodium Current (INaP)
The presence of persistent (i.e., noninactivating) sodium current is not sufficient for a neuron to generate intrinsic bursting, there should be an additional burst-terminating mechanism. In the classical model of an INaP-dependent bursting neuron proposed by Butera et al. (1999a, Model 1), burst termination was based on the slow inactivation of the persistent sodium channels themselves. The other proposed burst-terminating mechanisms were based on the slowly activating, voltage-dependent
INaP-Dependent Bursting
It should be clearly understood that a truly persistent (noninactivating) INaP cannot produce rhythmic bursting at cellular or network levels by itself without additional mechanism(s) providing burst termination. In the classical model of Butera et al. (1999a, Model 1) and in many later models (e.g., Dunmyre et al., 2011, Rybak et al., 2003b, Toporikova and Butera, 2011), burst termination was based on the slow voltage-dependent inactivation of INaP conductance. This mathematically elegant
Acknowledgments
This study was supported by National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), NIH Grants R01 NS057815 and R01 NS069220, and in part by the Intramural Research Program of the NIH, NINDS (J. C. S.).
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