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2019, Molecular and Cellular NeuroscienceCitation Excerpt :The development of the neonatal breathing network, respiratory rhythm generators, and excitatory and inhibitory elements of the pontomedullary respiratory circuitry ontogenically recapitulates the rhombomeric segmentation of the hindbrain as patterned by Hox gene transcription factors (see Chatonnet et al., 2002 for review). More specifically, several studies have extensively evaluated developmental changes occurring in, and the role of, chloride-based neurotransmission in respiratory rhythmogenesis and pattern formation in both adult (Haji et al., 1990, 1992, Paton and Richter, 1995, Schmid et al., 1996, Hayashi and Lipski, 1992, Dogas et al., 1998, Ritter and Zhang, 2000, Bongianni et al., 2010) and neonatal (Paton and Richter, 1995, Shao and Feldman, 1997, Brockhaus and Ballanyi, 1998, Singer et al., 1998, Ritter and Zhang, 2000 , Fujii et al., 2007) mammals. Thus, the role of GABAA- and glycinergic signaling in medullary control of respiration in both the in vivo neonate compared to the in vivo adult remains to be more critically evaluated and resolved at the biomolecular and cellular levels.
Probing the function of glycinergic neurons in the mouse respiratory network using optogenetics
2019, Respiratory Physiology and NeurobiologyCitation Excerpt :Adjacent to the preBötC is the Bötzinger complex (BötC), which has been implicated in the control of expiration and harbors primarily expiratory decrementing (dec-E, also termed post-inspiratory or post-I) and expiratory augmenting neurons (aug-E). Post-I/dec-E neurons are predominantly glycinergic as they expressed glycine transporter-2 (GlyT2) mRNA (Ezure et al., 2003) whereas aug-E neurons may be GABAergic (Champagnat et al., 1982; Haji et al., 1992; Schmid et al., 1996) or glycinergic (Ezure et al., 2003; Fortuna et al., 2008; Schreihofer et al., 1999); this variation may reflect different sub-populations of aug-E neurons or co-expression of glycine and GABA. Most models of the respiratory pattern generator assume an essential role of these neurons located in BötC and preBotC in the generation of three phases breathing rhythm (Del Negro et al., 2018; Feldman and Kam, 2015; Richter, 1982; Richter and Smith, 2014: Ausborn et al., 2018; Rybak et al., 2007).
KCC2-mediated regulation of respiration-related rhythmic activity during postnatal development in mouse medulla oblongata
2015, Brain ResearchCitation Excerpt :In the adult central nervous system (CNS), γ-amino butyric acid (GABA) is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter that crucially regulates respiratory rhythmogenesis and the patterning of motor outputs (Johnson et al., 1996; Shao and Feldman, 1997). GABA has been shown to play an essential role in termination of the inspiratory and the expiratory phases (Champagnat et al., 1982; Haji et al., 1992, 2000; Schmid et al., 1996; Yajima and Hayashi, 1999; Yamazaki et al., 2000). In general, synchronous oscillatory firings, including those involved in respiration activities, depend on an intricate interplay among synaptic excitation and inhibition, electrical coupling, and intrinsic membrane properties (Sejnowski and Paulsen, 2006).
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