RT Journal Article SR Electronic T1 Proactive Control: Neural Oscillatory Correlates of Conflict Anticipation and Response Slowing JF eneuro JO eNeuro FD Society for Neuroscience SP ENEURO.0061-17.2017 DO 10.1523/ENEURO.0061-17.2017 A1 Andrew Chang A1 Jaime S. Ide A1 Hsin-Hung Li A1 Chien-Chung Chen A1 Chiang-Shan Ray Li YR 2017 UL http://www.eneuro.org/content/early/2017/05/16/ENEURO.0061-17.2017.abstract AB Proactive control allows us to anticipate environmental changes and adjust behavioural strategy. In the laboratory, investigators have used a number of different behavioural paradigms, including the stop signal task (SST), to examine the neural processes of proactive control. Previous fMRI studies of the SST have demonstrated regional responses to conflict anticipation – the likelihood of a stop signal or P(Stop) as estimated by a Bayesian model – and reaction time (RT) slowing and how these responses are inter-related. Here, in an electrophysiological study, we investigated the time-frequency domain substrates of proactive control. The results showed that conflict anticipation as indexed by P(stop) was positively correlated with the power in low-theta band (3 – 5 Hz) in the fixation (trial onset)-locked interval, and Go-RT was negatively correlated with the power in delta-theta band (2 – 8 Hz) in the go-locked interval. Stimulus prediction error was positively correlated with the power in the low-beta band (12 – 22 Hz) in the stop-locked interval. Further, the power of the P(stop) and Go-RT clusters was negatively correlated, providing a mechanism relating conflict anticipation to RT slowing in the SST. Source reconstruction with beamformer localized these time-frequency activities close to brain regions as revealed by fMRI in earlier work. These are the first results to show oscillatory electrophysiological substrates in support of trial-by-trial behavioural adjustment for proactive control.Significance Statement Proactive control is central to adaptive behavior. Many fMRI studies have dissected the neural basis of conflict processing and behavioral adjustment but evidence from electrophysiology is fragmentary. Here, by combining EEG and a stop signal task, we demonstrated distinct frequency domain substrates of conflict anticipation, RT slowing, and stimulus prediction error. In particular, neural activities of conflict anticipation preceded RT slowing and the power of these activities are correlated, in support of proactive control of behavior. Further, beamformer analysis localized the sources of these activities as revealed by fMRI. These new findings complement the literature by specifying the electrophysiological correlates of trial-by-trial response control within a single paradigm.